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In two studies, we developed single-channle and multichannel methods for EEG sleep stage scoring in adults and full-term neonates, respectively. Automatic sleep staging can achieve high accuracy and efficiently reduce scoring time.
![stages of sleep eeg stages of sleep eeg](https://d3i71xaburhd42.cloudfront.net/a9c153f77cb2524ba2534560a87784bb6e5e138a/4-Figure3-1.png)
Visual sleep stage scoring is performed by trained neurologists, a time-consuming and costly procedure that is highly prone to human errors depending on experts’ experiences. Overall, term neonates spend 50-60% of their sleep cycles in AS, 30-40% in QS, and 10-15% in the transitional state, with sleep-wake and sleep-only cycles lasting typically 3-4 hours and 40-70 min, respectively. The transitional epochs are often observed at sleep onset (arousal state) and between REM and non-REM sleep.
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In neonates, two major sleep states are clearly distinguished, the Quiet Sleep (QS equivalent to non-REM sleep in adults) and Active Sleep (AS equivalent to REM sleep), with in-between indeterminate or transitional epochs exhibiting non-EEG characteristics of AS and EEG characteristics of QS.
STAGES OF SLEEP EEG MANUAL
The American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM) scoring manual recognizes five sleep stages, wakefulness (W), stage N1 (S1 in R&K), stage N2 (S2 in R&K), stage N3 (S3 and S4 in R&K), and stage REM.Ĭompared to adults, neonates show markedly inhomogeneity and instability in EEG during wake or sleep. Normal sleep cycles typically begin with NREM light sleep stages (S1 and S2) and then progress into deeper stages (S3 and S4) and REM sleep (Doroshenkov et al., 2007). Each sleep stage is identified with a set of specific physiological markers accompanied by characteristics changes in spectral features, which are used to explore the sleep architecture including the timing and organization of sleep stages over the course of sleep.Īccording to R&K guidelines (Rechtschaffen and Kales, 1968), a healthy adult periodically passes through six sleep stages including wakefulness (W), rapid eye movement (REM) and non-rapid eye movement stages (NREM, further classified into stages S1-S4), at intervals of around 90-120 min over a whole night (Carskadon and Dement, 2005 Chokroverty, 2017). In sleep studies, electroencephalography (EEG) is routinely used as an efficient tool to systematically investigate sleep structure and stages. This is why sleep studies can be very useful to investigate the neurodevelopmental process and brain abnormalities during the infancy period by exploring sleep structure. In infants, it is very difficult to study brain functions through cognitive examinations. The quality of sleep plays an important role in infant neurodevelopment especially in the first year of life. Human newborns spend two-thirds of their lives sleeping.
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Sleep deprivation can significantly impact human health, wellbeing and quality of life and may result in co-morbidities and even mortality (Hublin et al., 2007). One third of every person's life is spent sleeping (Liang et al., 2012).